Repubblica Sociale Italiana | |||||||
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1943–1945 | |||||||
Motto: Per l'onore d'Italia 'For the honour of Italy' | |||||||
Anthem: Giovinezza[1] | |||||||
Location of the Italian Social Republic within Europe in 1943 Territory nominally administered by the Italian Social Republic | |||||||
Administrative divisions of the Italian Social Republic | |||||||
Status | Ally of Nazi Germany[2][3] | ||||||
Capital | Salò(de facto) Rome(de jure) | ||||||
Common languages | Italian | ||||||
Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||||
Government | Fascistone-partyrepublic under a totalitariandictatorship | ||||||
Plenipotentiary | |||||||
• 1943–1945 | Rudolf Rahn | ||||||
Duce | |||||||
Benito Mussolini | |||||||
Historical era | World War II Italian Civil War | ||||||
• Gran Sasso raid | 12 September 1943 | ||||||
23 September 1943 | |||||||
• Partisan uprising | 25 April 1945 | ||||||
Currency | Italian lira | ||||||
ISO 3166 code | IT | ||||||
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The Italian Social Republic (Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana, pronounced [reˈpubblika soˈtʃaːle itaˈljaːna]; RSI), popularly and historically known as the Republic of Salò (Italian: Repubblica di Salò[reˈpubblika di saˈlɔ]), was a German puppet state with limited recognition that was created during the later part of World War II, existing from the beginning of German occupation of Italy in September 1943 until the surrender of German troops in Italy in May 1945.
The Italian Social Republic was the second and last incarnation of the Italian Fascist state and was led by DuceBenito Mussolini and his reformed anti-monarchistRepublican Fascist Party which tried to modernise and revise fascist doctrine into a more moderate and sophisticated direction. The state declared Rome its capital, but was de facto centered on Salò (hence its colloquial name), a small town on Lake Garda, near Brescia, where Mussolini and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were headquartered. The Italian Social Republic exercised nominal sovereignty in Northern and Central Italy, but was largely dependent on German troops to maintain control.
In July 1943, after the Allies had pushed Italy out of North Africa and subsequently invaded Sicily, the Grand Fascist Council—with the support of King Victor Emmanuel III—overthrew and arrested Mussolini. The new government began secret peace negotiations with the Allied powers. When the Armistice of Cassibile was announced 8 September, Germany was prepared and quickly intervened. Germany seized control of the northern half of Italy, freed Mussolini and brought him to the German-occupied area to establish a satellite regime. The Italian Social Republic was proclaimed on 23 September 1943.[3][4][page needed] Although the RSI claimed sovereignty over most of Italian territory, its de facto jurisdiction only extended to a vastly reduced portion of Italy.[5] The RSI received diplomatic recognition from only Germany, Japan and their puppet states.
Around 25 April 1945–nineteen months after the RSI's founding–it all but collapsed. In Italy, this day is known as Liberation Day (festa della liberazione). On this day a general partisan uprising, alongside the efforts of Allied forces during their final offensive in Italy, managed to oust the Germans from Italy almost entirely. On 27 April, partisans caught Mussolini, his mistress (Clara Petacci), several RSI ministers and several other Italian Fascists while they were attempting to flee. On 28 April, the partisans shot Mussolini and most of the other captives. The RSI Minister of Defense Rodolfo Graziani surrendered what was left of the Italian Social Republic on 1 May, one day after the German forces in Italy capitulated, putting a definitive end to the Italian Social Republic.
- 2Foreign relations
- 4RSI military formations
- 6Legacy
Context of creation[edit]
Benito Mussolini rescued by German troops from his prison in Campo Imperatore on 12 September 1943
On 24 July 1943, after the Allied landings in Sicily on a motion by Dino Grandi the Grand Fascist Council voted a motion of no confidence in Mussolini. Mussolini's position had been undermined by a series of military defeats from the start of Italy's entry into the war in June 1940, including the bombing of Rome, the loss of the African colonies and the Allied invasions of Sicily and the southern Italian Peninsula.
The next day, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini from office and ordered him arrested. By this time, the monarchy, a number of Fascist government members and the general Italian population had grown tired of the futile war effort which had driven Italy into subordination and subjugation under Nazi Germany. The failed war effort left Mussolini humiliated at home and abroad as a 'sawdust Caesar'. Under MarshalPietro Badoglio, the new government began secret negotiations with the Allied powers and made preparations for the capitulation of Italy. These surrender talks implied a commitment from Badoglio not only to leave the Axis alliance but also to have Italy declare war on Germany.
While the Germans formally recognised the new status quo in Italian politics, they intervened by sending some of the best units of the Wehrmacht to Italy. This was done both to resist new Allied advances and to face the predictably imminent defection of Italy. While Badoglio continued to swear loyalty to Germany and the Axis powers, Italian government emissaries prepared to sign an armistice at Cassibile in Allied-occupied Sicily, which was finalized on 3 September.
On 8 September, Badoglio announced Italy's armistice with the Allies (although termed an 'armistice', its terms made it akin to an unconditional surrender). German FührerAdolf Hitler and his staff, long aware of the negotiations, acted immediately by ordering German troops to seize control of Northern and Central Italy. The Germans disarmed the Italian troops and took over all of the Italian Army's materials and equipment. The Germans also dissolved the Italian occupation zone in southeastern France and forced Italian troops stationed there to leave. The Italian armed forces were not given clear orders to resist the Germans following the armistice and so resistance to the German takeover was scattered and of little effect. King Victor Emmanuel made no effort to rally resistance to the Germans, instead of fleeing with his retinue to the safety of the Allied lines.
The new Italian government had moved Mussolini from place to place while he was in captivity in an attempt to foil any attempts at rescue. Despite this, the Germans eventually pinpointed Mussolini at the Campo Imperatore Hotel at Gran Sasso. On 12 September, Mussolini was liberated by the Germans in Operation Eiche in the mountains of Abruzzo, while the Italian carabinieri were allegedly placed under orders to not fire their weapons at the raiders, rendering them defenseless.[6] After being liberated, Mussolini was flown to Bavaria. Gathering what support he still had among the Italian population, his liberation made it possible for a new German-dependent Fascist Italian state to be created.
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Foreign relations[edit]
Establishment by Nazi Germany[edit]
Italian Social Republic propaganda poster saying: 'Germany is truly your friend'
Three days following his rescue in the Gran Sasso raid, Mussolini was taken to Germany for a meeting with Hitler in Rastenburg at his East Prussian headquarters. While Mussolini was in poor health and wanted to retire, Hitler wanted him to return to Italy and set up a new Fascist state. When Mussolini balked, Hitler threatened to destroy Milan, Genoa and Turin unless he went along. Reluctantly, Mussolini agreed to Hitler's demands.[7]
The Italian Social Republic was proclaimed on 23 September, with Mussolini as both head of state and prime minister.[3][4][page needed] The RSI claimed Rome as its capital, but the de facto capital became the small town of Salò on Lake Garda, midway between Milan and Venice, where Mussolini resided along with the foreign office of the RSI. While Rome itself was still under Axis control at the time, given the city's proximity to Allied lines and the threat of civil unrest, neither the Germans nor Mussolini himself wanted him to return to Rome.[8]
On 18 September, Mussolini made his first public address to the Italian people since his rescue, in which he commended the loyalty of Hitler as an ally while condemning Victor Emmanuel for betraying Italian Fascism.[7] He declared: 'It is not the regime that has betrayed the monarchy, it is the monarchy that has betrayed the regime'. He also formally repudiated his previous support of the monarchy, saying: 'When a monarchy fails in its duties, it loses every reason for being..The state we want to establish will be national and social in the highest sense of the word; that is, it will be Fascist, thus returning to our origins'.[7]
From the start, the Italian Social Republic was little more than a puppet state dependent entirely upon Germany.[8] Mussolini himself knew this; even as he stated in public that he was in full control of the RSI, he was well aware that he was little more than the Gauleiter of Lombardy.[4][page needed] The SS kept Mussolini under what amounted to house arrest; it monitored his communications and controlled his travel.[9]
The RSI had no constitution or organized economy, and its financing was dependent entirely on funding from Berlin.[10] German forces themselves had little respect for Mussolini's failed fascist movement, and saw the regime merely as a tool for maintaining order, such as repressing the Italian partisans.[11] This work was also carried out by the infamous Pietro Koch and the Banda Koch on Germany's behalf.[12]
The RSI received diplomatic recognition from only Germany, Imperial Japan and their puppet states. Even the otherwise sympathetic Spain refused to establish formal diplomatic relations with the RSI.[8]
The RSI took revenge against the 19 members who had voted against Mussolini on the Grand Council with the Verona trial (processo di Verona) which handed down a death sentence to all of the accused but one. Only six of the 19 were in RSI custody (Giovanni Marinelli, Carlo Pareschi, Luciano Gottardi, Tullio Cianetti, Emilio De Bono and Mussolini's own son-in-law Galeazzo Ciano). They (except for Tullio Cianetti who received a life sentence) were all executed on 11 January 1944 in the fort of San Procolo in Verona.
Territorial losses[edit]
The changing political and military situation re-opened questions regarding the status of Italian territories, particularly those with German-speaking majorities that were formerly under Austrian rule. Previously, Hitler had vigorously suppressed any campaigning for the return of lands such as South Tyrol in order to maintain good relations with his Italian ally. In the aftermath of the Kingdom of Italy's abandonment of the Axis on 8 September 1943, Germany seized and de facto incorporated some Italian territories.[5] On the other hand, Hitler refused to officially annex South Tyrol in spite of urging by local German officials and instead supported having the RSI hold official sovereignty over these territories and forbade all measures that would give the impression of official annexation of South Tyrol.[13] However, in practice the territory of South Tyrol within the boundaries defined by Germany as Operationszone Alpenvorland that included Trento, Bolzano and Belluno were de facto incorporated into Germany's Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg and administered by its GauleiterFranz Hofer.[5][14] The region identified by Germany as Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland that included Udine, Gorizia, Trieste, Pola and Fiume were de facto incorporated into Reichsgau Kärnten and administered by its GauleiterFriedrich Rainer.[15]
On 10 September 1943, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) declared that the Treaties of Rome of 18 May 1941 with the Kingdom of Italy were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been annexed from Yugoslavia to the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaties of Rome.[16] The NDH attempted to annex Zara that had been a recognized territory of Italy since 1919, but Germany did not allow the NDH to do so.[16] Because of these actions by the NDH, the RSI held the NDH in contempt and refused to have diplomatic relations with the NDH or to recognize its territorial claims.[16]
After the Italian capitulation, the Italian Aegean Islands were occupied by the Germans (see Dodecanese campaign). During the German occupation, the islands remained under the nominal sovereignty of the RSI but were de facto subject to the German military command.[17]
The Italian concession of Tientsin in China was ceded by the RSI to the Japanese puppet Wang Jingwei regime.
Economy and war effort[edit]
War flag of the Italian Social Republic
Mussolini inspecting fortified positions, 1944
Territory of the Italian Social Republic throughout its lifespan
During the existence of the Italian Social Republic, Mussolini, whose government had banned trade unions and strikes, began to make increasingly populist appeals to the working class. He claimed to regret many of the decisions made earlier in supporting the interests of big business and promised a new beginning if the Italian people would be willing to grant him a second chance. Mussolini claimed that he had never totally abandoned his left-wing influences, insisting he had attempted to nationalize property in 1939–1940 but had been forced to delay such action for tactical reasons related to the war.[18] With the removal of the monarchy, Mussolini claimed the full ideology of Fascism could be pursued and to gain popular support reversed over twenty years of Fascist support of private property and relative economic independence by ordering the nationalization of all companies with over 100 employees.[19] Mussolini even reached out to ex-communist Nicola Bombacci to help him in spreading the image that Fascism was a progressive movement.[19] The economic policy of the RSI was given the name 'Socialization' and Mussolini had even considered the idea of calling his new republic the “Italian ‘Socialist’ Republic”.[20] In practice, little resulted from the declared socialization of the economy. Unions did not exert real control of their management and took no part in state planning (as they had the power to do on paper after the socialization). The Italian industrial sector was excluded from the new reforms by the Germans and Italian industrialists were opposed to the changes in any case. The Italian labor force (large parts of which had remained leftist despite fascist rule) regarded socialization as a sham and responded with a massive strike on 1 March 1944.[8]
In Greece, while the government of the Kingdom of Italy surrendered and many Italian soldiers in the Aegean were tired of the war and had become opposed to Mussolini, Italian Fascist loyalists remained allied to Germany in the Greek campaign. In September 1943, General Mario Soldarelli rallied Fascist Blackshirts and Italian soldiers loyal to Mussolini to continue the war, along with military men who felt it was dishonorable to turn on an ally and with those who had developed comradely feelings toward the Germans. German forces in Greece convinced 10,000 Italians in the Aegean to continue to support their war effort.[21]
In 1944, Mussolini urged Hitler to focus on destroying Britain rather than the Soviet Union, as Mussolini claimed that it was Britain which had turned the conflict into a world war and that the British Empire must be destroyed in order for peace to come in Europe.[22] Mussolini wanted to conduct a small offensive along the Gothic Line against the Allies with his new RSI Divisions; in December 1944, the Alpine Division 'Monte Rosa' with some German battalions fought the Battle of Garfagnana with some success. As the situation became desperate with Allied forces in control of most of Italy and from February 1945 resumed to pushing the Axis forces to North of Gothic Line,[23] Mussolini declared that 'he would fight to the last Italian' and spoke of turning Milan into the 'Stalingrad of Italy', where Fascism would make its last glorious fight.[24] Despite such strong rhetoric, Mussolini considered evacuating Fascists into Switzerland, although this was opposed by Germany, which instead proposed that Mussolini and key Fascist officials be taken into exile in Germany.[24] Further disintegration of support for his government occurred as fascist and German military officials secretly tried to negotiate a truce with Allied forces, without consulting either Mussolini or Hitler.[25]
RSI military formations[edit]
Women volunteers served in uniform as noncombatants in paramilitary units and police formations (Servizio Ausiliario Femminile). The commander was the brigadier generalPiera Gatteschi Fondelli.[26][27]
Army[edit]
RSI soldiers, March 1944
RSI soldiers deployed to the Battle for Anzio
RSI soldier with signature 'M' monogram on lapels and wearing a 'samurai' magazine-holding vest for his Beretta MAB SMG (1943)
RSI soldier cleaning his weapon (Gothic line, 1944)
Smaller units like the Black Brigades (Brigate nere) led by Alessandro Pavolini and the Decima Flottiglia MAS led by Junio Valerio Borghese (called 'principe nero', the Black Prince) fought for the RSI during its entire existence. The Germans were satisfied if these units were able to participate in anti-partisan activities. While varying in their effectiveness, some of these units surpassed expectations.
In March 1944, the bulk of the 1st Italian volunteers Storm Brigade were sent to the Anzio beachhead where they fought alongside their German allies, receiving favorable reports and taking heavy losses. In recognition of their performance, Heinrich Himmler declared the unit to be fully integrated into the Waffen SS.[28]
On 16 October 1943, the Rastenburg Protocol was signed with Nazi Germany and the RSI was allowed to raise division-sized military formations. This protocol allowed Marshal Rodolfo Graziani to raise four RSI divisions totalling 52,000 men. In July 1944, the first of these divisions completed training and was sent to the front.
Recruiting military forces was difficult for the RSI as most of the Italian Army had been interned by German forces in 1943, many military-aged Italians had been conscripted into forced labour in Germany and few wanted to participate in the war. The RSI became so desperate for soldiers that it granted convicts freedom if they would join the army and the sentence of death was imposed on anyone who opposed being conscripted.[29] Autonomous military forces in the RSI also fought against the Allies including the notorious Decima Flottiglia MAS of Prince Junio Valerio Borghese. Borghese held no allegiance to Mussolini and even suggested that he would take him prisoner if he could.[29]
During the winter of 1944–1945, armed Italians were on both sides of the Gothic Line. On the Allied side were four Italian groups of volunteers from the old Italian army. These Italian volunteers were equipped and trained by the British. On the Axis side were four RSI divisions. Three of the RSI divisions, the 2nd Italian 'Littorio' Infantry Division, the 3rd Italian 'San Marco' Marine Division and the 4th Italian MonterosaAlpine Division were allocated to the LXXXXVII 'Liguria' Army under Graziani and were placed to guard the western flank of the Gothic Line facing France. The fourth RSI division, the 1st Italian 'Italia' Infantry Division, was attached to the German 14th Army in a sector of the Apennine Mountains thought least likely to be attacked.[30]
On 26 December 1944, several sizeable RSI military units, including elements of the 4th Italian 'Monterosa Division' Alpine Division and the 3rd Italian 'San Marco' Marine Division, participated in Operation Winter Storm. This was a combined German and Italian offensive against the 92nd Infantry Division. The battle was fought in the Apennines. While limited in scale, this was a successful offensive and the RSI units did their part.
The RSI military was under the command of General Alfredo Guzzoni while Field Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, the former governor-general of Italian Libya, was the RSI's Minister of Defense and commander-in-chief of the German Army Group Liguria. Mussolini, as Duce and head of state of RSI assumed supreme command over all military forces of the RSI.
In February 1945, the 92nd Infantry Division again came up against RSI units. This time it was Bersaglieri of the 1st Italian 'Italia' Infantry Division. The Italians successfully halted the United States division's advance.
However, the situation continued to deteriorate for the Axis forces on Gothic Line.[31] By mid-April, the final Allied offensive in Italy had led German defenses to collapse. In the end of that month, the last remaining troops of RSI were bottled up along with two Wehrmacht Divisions at Collecchio by 1st Brazilian Division being forced to surrender after some days of fighting.[32][33][34] Descargar mp3 stone sour 30/30-150 320 lyris in english.
On 29 April, Graziani surrendered and was present at Caserta when a representative of German General Heinrich von Vietinghoff-Scheel signed the unconditional instrument of surrender for all Axis forces in Italy, but since the Allies had never recognised the RSI Graziani's signature was not required at Caserta.[35] The surrender was to take effect on 2 May; Graziani ordered the RSI forces under his command to lay down their arms on 1 May.
Air Force[edit]
The National Republican Air Force (Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana or ANR) was the air force of Italian Social Republic and also the air unit of National Republican Army in World War II. Its tactical organization was: 3 Fighter Groups, 1 Air Torpedo Bomber Group, 1 Bomber Group and other Transport and minor units. The ANR worked closely with German Air Force (Luftwaffe) in Northern Italy, even if the Germans unsuccessfully tried to disband the ANR forcing its pilots to enlist in the Luftwaffe.
In 1944, after the withdrawal of all German fighter units in the attempt to stop the increased Allied offensive on the German mainland, ANR fighter groups were left alone and heavily outnumbered to face the massive Allied air offensive over Northern Italy. In the operation time of 1944 and 1945, the ANR managed to shoot down 262 Allied aircraft with the loss of 158 in action.[36][37][38]
Navy[edit]
Little of the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) joined the RSI. This was because the bulk of the Italian navy was ordered to steam to Malta at the time of the armistice, out of reach of the Germans and the RSI. The RSI's National Republican Navy (Marina Nazionale Repubblicana or MNR) only reached a twentieth the size of the co-belligerent Italian fleet.[39] The RSI Navy largely consisted of nine motor torpedo boats (two large and seven small), dozens of MTSM small motor torpedo boats and MTM explosive motorboats.[40] The National Republican Navy also operated fifteen CB-class midget submarines (ten in the Adriatic and five in the Black Sea) and one larger submarine, CM1.[41]
Troops of the Decima Flottiglia MAS (elite Italian frogman corps) fought primarily as a land unit of the RSI.
Some of the naval personnel at the BETASOM submarine base in Bordeaux remained loyal to Mussolini.
Paramilitaries[edit]
The fall of the Fascist regime in Italy and the disbandment of the MVSN saw the establishment of the Republican National Guard (Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana or GNR), the Republican Police Corps (Corpo di Polizia Repubblicana) and the emergence of the Black Brigades (brigate nere). The GNR consisted of former MVSN, carabinieri, soldiers, Italian Africa Police and others still loyal to the Fascist cause, while the Republican Police Corps was the successor agency of the Public security complex formed by the Directorate of Public Security and the Public Security Agents Corps. The Black Brigade was formed from the new fascist party members both young and old. Both units fought alongside Nazi and Schutzstaffel (SS) counterparts in an extensive anti-partisan war. The Black Brigades committed many atrocities in their fight against the Italian resistance movement and political enemies. On 15 August 1944, the GNR became a part of the Army.
List of RSI ministers[edit]
Eagle with fasces, symbol of the Italian Social Republic
Many RSI ministers did not live past the end of World War II.
- Head of state and Minister of Foreign Affairs: Benito Mussolini from 1943 to 1945 (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945)
- Undersecretary, Minister of Foreign Affairs: Serafino Mazzolini from 1943 to 1945 (died of a blood infection on 23 February 1945); Filippo Anfuso
- Minister of Defence: Rodolfo Graziani from 1943 to 1945
- Ministers of the Interior: Guido Buffarini Guidi from 1943 to 1945 (shot by partisans on 10 July 1945); Paolo Zerbino in 1945 (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945)
- Ministers of Justice: Antonino Tringali-Casanova in 1943 (died of natural causes on 30 October 1943); Piero Pisenti from 1943 to 1945
- Minister of Finance: Domenico Pellegrini Giampietro from 1943 to 1945
- Ministers of Industrial Production: Silvio Gai [it] in 1943; Angelo Tarchi from 1943 to 1945
- Minister of Public Works: Ruggero Romano [it] from 1943 to 1945 (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945)
- Minister of Communications: Augusto Liverani [it] from 1943 to 1945 (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945)
- Minister of Labour: Giuseppe Spinelli in 1945
- Minister of National Education: Carlo Alberto Biggini from 1943 to 1945 (died of natural causes on 19 November 1945)
- Minister of Popular Culture: Fernando Mezzasoma from 1943 to 1945 (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945)
- Minister of Agriculture: Edoardo Moroni [it] from 1943 to 1945
- Leader of the Republican Fascist Party: Alessandro Pavolini from 1943 to 1945 (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945)
1945 RSI passport, consular issue from Berlin
Legacy[edit]
In post-war Italian politics[edit]
While the RSI supported Nazi Germany, it allowed the Italian Fascist movement to build a completely totalitarian state. During the preceding twenty years of Fascist association with the Savoy monarchy of the Kingdom of Italy, the Fascists had been restricted in some of their actions by the monarchy. The formation of the RSI allowed Mussolini to at last be the official head of an Italian state and it allowed the Fascists to return to their earlier republican stances. Most prominent figures of post-war Italian far-right politics (parliamentary or extraparliamentary) were in some way associated with the experience of the RSI. Among them were Filippo Anfuso, Pino Romualdi, Rodolfo Graziani, Junio Valerio Borghese, Licio Gelli and Giorgio Almirante.
Stamps[edit]
A number of postage stamps were issued by the Republic of Salò. Initially, existing Italian issues were overprinted with a fasces, or the initials 'G.N.R.' for the Republican National Guard. Later the government designed and printed three series, all of which are very common.[42]
Currency[edit]
Banknotes in 50, 100, 500, and 1000 lire denomination were printed by the Republic. As issuer the country was not mentioned on them, only the Bank of Italy.[43]
In the arts[edit]
Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1975 film Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom is an adaptation of Marquis de Sade's The 120 Days of Sodom, set in the Republic of Salò instead of 18th century France. It uses the source material as an allegory; the atrocities in the movie did not actually happen, while most of the choices of milieus, clothing, uniforms, weapons and other details are historically correct.
Roberto Benigni's 1997Life is Beautiful is also set in the Republic of Salò. Bernardo Bertolucci's 1976Novecento set his story in Emilia, being at the time a province of the Italian Social Republic, even though this is never mentioned in the movie. Wild Blood tells the true story of the Fascist film stars Luisa Ferida and Osvaldo Valenti and their support for the Republic.
31 rows Tasmanian Sven Co-op server with all campaigns, pizza and quake 175.32.5. 23 rows To start a server with a graphical interface simply launch the Sven Co-op Dedicated Server. 31 rows Server Name IP:Port Map Game Players Country Status; Fun/Silly/Custom maps by ModRiot.com US:NW 172.110.31.161:27098 sonicthehedgehog svencoop. Sven co op servers pc.
Futurist writer/poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, a Mussolini loyalist who had helped shape Fascist philosophy, remained in the RSI as a propagandist until his death from a heart attack at Bellagio in December, 1944.[44]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Giacomo De Marzi, I canti di Salò, Fratelli Frilli, 2005.
- ^Renzo De Felice, Breve storia del fascismo, Milano, Mondadori (Collana oscar storia), 2002, pp. 120–121.
- ^ abcdPauley, Bruce F. (2003), Hitler, Stalin and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy (2nd ed.), Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, p. 228, ISBN0-88295-993-X
- ^ abcShirer, William (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0-671-72868-7.
- ^ abcDr Susan Zuccotti, Furio Colombo. The Italians and the Holocaust: Persecution, Rescue, and Survival. University of Nebraska Press paperback edition. University of Nebraska Press, 1996. P. 148.
- ^Di Michele, Vincenzo (2015). The Last Secret of Mussolini. Il Cerchio. ISBN978-8884744227.
- ^ abcMoseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade. ISBN1-58979-095-2.
- ^ abcdDe Grand, Alexander J., Italian fascism: its origins & development, 3d edition (illustrated), Publisher: University of Nebraska Press, Year: 2000, ISBN0-8032-6622-7, p. 131
- ^Payne, Stanley G. (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. Routledge. ISBN0203501322.
- ^Pauley 2003, p. 228
- ^Smith 1983, p. 307.
- ^Rees, Philip (1990), Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, p. 212
- ^Rolf Steininger. South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century. Pp. 69.
- ^Giuseppe Motta. The Italian Military Governorship in South Tyrol and the Rise of Fascism. English translation edition. Edizioni Nuova Cultura, 2012. P. 104.
- ^Arrigo Petacco. Tragedy Revealed: The Story of Italians from Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia, 1943–1956. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2005. P. 50.
- ^ abcJozo Tomašević. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration: 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001. P. 300.
- ^Nicola Cospito; Hans Werner Neulen (1992). Salò-Berlino: l'alleanza difficile. La Repubblica Sociale Italiana nei documenti segreti del Terzo Reich. Mursia. p. 128. ISBN88-425-1285-0.
- ^Smith, Denis Mack (1983), Mussolini: A Biography, New York: Vintage Books, p. 311, ISBN0-394-71658-2
- ^ abSmith 1983, p. 312.
- ^A. James Gregor, The Ideology of Fascism: The Rationale of Totalitarianism, New York: NY, The Free Press, 1969, p. 307
- ^Anthony J. Papalas. Rebels and Radicals: Icaria 1600–2000. Wauconda, Illinois, USA: Bolchazi-Carducci Publishers, 2005. pp. 188–190. (States that Italian Fascist loyalist General Soldarelli sent Fascist Blackshirts to take control of Greek towns after Mussolini and the Fascist Party were deposed by the Kingdom of Italy. As leader of the Italian garrison, Soldarelli declared his loyalty to il Duce Benito Mussolini, after Mussolini had been deposed from power in the Kingdom of Italy. Also, German forces had persuaded about 10,000 Italians in the Aegean to continue the war as allies of Germany.)
- ^Smith 1983, p. 316.
- ^Clark, Mark 'Calculated Risk.' Enigma Books, 2007. ISBN978-1-929631-59-9. P.608
- ^ abSmith 1983, p. 317.
- ^Smith 1983, pp. 317–318.
- ^Petra Terhoeven, 'Frauen im Widerstand: Das Beispiel der Italienischen Resistenza', Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 2004. 52#7 pp 608-625.
- ^M. Fraddosio, 'Woman and War: Aspects Of Womens Militancy During Fascism, From Civil Mobilization to the Origins Of The Servizio-Ausiliario-Femminile in the Italian Social-Republic.' Storia Contemporanea 20#6 (1989): 1105-1181.
- ^The 29th Waffen Divisionen der SS (Italianishe Nr. 1)
- ^ abSmith 1983, p. 308.
- ^Blaxland, p243
- ^Ibidem. Clark, 2007.
- ^Popa, Thomas A. 'Po Valley 1945' WWII Campaigns, United States Army Center of Military History, 1996. ISBN0-16-048134-1. CMH Pub 72-33. Page 23.
- ^Giannasi, Andrea. 'Il Brasile in guerra: la partecipazione della Força Expedicionaria Brasileira alla campagna d'Italia (1944–1945)'‹See Tfd›(in Italian) Prospettiva Editrice, 2004. ISBN8874182848. Pages 146–48.
- ^Bohmler, Rudolf 'Monte Cassino: a German View' Cassell, 1964. ASIN B000MMKAYM. Chapter IX (final).
- ^The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047
- ^Italian Air Forces 1943–1945 - The Aviazone Nazionale Repubblicana by Richard J. Caruana, 1989 Modelaid International Publication
- ^Aircraft of the Aces 34 Apostolo: Italian Aces of World War 2
- ^Italian biplane fighter aces - Ugo Drago
- ^Page 100, 'The Armed Forces of World War II', Andrew Mollo, ISBN0-517-54478-4
- ^Spencer C. Tucker, World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia, p. 389
- ^Jack Greene, Alessandro Massignani, The Black Prince and the Sea Devils: The Story of Valerio Borghese and the elite units of the Decima MAS, p. 42
- ^Stamps of the Italian Social Republic
- ^'Barbetti' Type with Bank of Italy (BI) Seal on Back 1943-45 Issue
- ^Ialongo, Ernest - Filippo Tommaso Marinetti: The Artist and His Politics; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2015; ISBN1611477565ISBN978-1611477566
Further reading[edit]
- Bosworth, R.J.B. Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945 (2007)
- Gat, Moshe. 'The Soviet Factor in British Policy towards Italy, 1943–1945,' Historian (1988) 50#4 pp 535–557
- Knox, MacGregor. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany (2000)
- Maximiano, Cesar. with Bonalume, Ricardo N. & Bujeiro, Ramiro. Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II.[dead link]Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2011. ISBN9781849084833 (Print version).
- Morgan, Philip. The Fall of Mussolini: Italy, the Italians, and the Second World War (2007)
- Moseley, Ray. Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce (2004)
- Smith, D. Mack. Modern Italy: A Political History (1997) online
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Repubblica Sociale Italiana. |
Hoi4 Russian Federation Tag
- Fascist Italy and the Jews: Myth versus Reality an online lecture by Dr. Iael Nidam-Orvieto of Yad Vashem[dead link]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Social_Republic&oldid=904150117'
Tag | Country (Democratic) | Country (Neutral) |
---|---|---|
GER | German Republic | Germany |
ENG | United Kingdom | Great Britain |
SOV | Russian Federation | Russia |
USA | United States | Confederate States |
SWE | Sweden | Kingdom of Sweden |
FRA | France | Bourbon France |
LUX | Luxembourg | Royalist Luxembourg |
BEL | Belgium | Leopoldian Belgium |
HOL | Netherlands | Kingdom of Netherlands |
CZE | Czechoslovakia | Kingdom of Bohemia |
POL | Polish Republic | Poland |
AUS | Republic of Austria | Austria |
LIT | Republic of Lithuania | Lithuania |
EST | Republic of Estonia | Estonia |
LAT | Republic of Latvia | Latvia |
SPR | Spain | Spanish Empire |
ITA | Republican Italy | Kingdom of Italy |
ROM | Romania | Kingdom of Romania |
YUG | Yugoslavian Confederation | Yugoslavia |
SWI | Switzerland | Switzerland |
TUR | Republic of Turkey | Turkey |
GRE | Hellenic Republic | Greece |
ALB | Republic of Albania | Albania |
NOR | Norway | Kingdom of Norway |
DEN | Denmark | Kingdom of Denmark |
BUL | Republic of Bulgaria | Bulgaria |
POR | Portuguese Republic | Portugal |
FIN | Republic of Finland | Finland |
IRE | Ireland | Free Ireland |
HUN | Republic of Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary |
AFG | Republic of Afghanistan | Afghanistan |
ARG | Argentine Republic | Argentina |
BOL | Plurinational Bolivia | Bolivia |
BRA | Second Brazilian Republic | Brazil |
CAN | Canada | Free Canadian Republic |
CHI | Republic of China | China |
PRC | Chinese Republic | China |
CHL | Chile | Atacama-Patagonian Free State |
COL | Colombia | Nueva Constituci��n |
COS | Costa Rica | Reino de la Costa |
ECU | Ecuador | Galapagos Regime |
ELS | Republic of El Salvador | Teocracia de El Salvador |
GUA | Republic of Guatemala | Guatemala |
HON | Honduras | Atlas Honduras |
IRQ | Iraqi Republic | Iraq |
JAP | State of Japan | Japanese Shogunate |
MEX | Mexican Opposition | Mexico |
MON | Mongolian Parliamentary Republic | Great Mongolian State |
NEP | Federal Republic of Nepal | Nepal |
NIC | Republic of Nicaragua | Nicaragua |
PAN | Panama | Costas Hermanas |
PAR | Republic of Paraguay | Paraguay |
PER | Republic of Iran | Iran |
PHI | Philippines | Independent Philippines |
PRU | Republic of Peru | Peruvian Independent State |
SAF | South Africa | Unitary South Africa |
SAU | Arabian Republic | Saudi Arabia |
SIA | Republic of Thailand | Siam |
SIK | Sinkiang Independent Republic | State of Sinkiang |
TAN | Tuva Independent Republic | Tannu Uriankhai |
TIB | Republic of Tibet | Tibet |
VEN | Federal Republic of Venezuela | Bolivarian Venezuela |
YUN | Yunnan Independent Republic | Yunnan |
AST | Australia | Emu Empire |
NZL | New Zealand | Nova Zeelandia Republic |
URG | Uruguay | Colegiado Uruguay |
CUB | Cuba | Anarcho-republic of Cuba |
DOM | Representative Dominican Republic | Santo Domingo |
HAI | Haiti | Kingdom of Haiti |
OMA | Republic of Oman | Oman |
YEM | Yemen Arab Republic | Yemen |
ETH | Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | Ethiopia |
SLO | Slovak Republic | Free State of Slovakia |
BHU | Bhutanese Republic | Bhutan |
LIB | Liberia | Independent Liberia |
RAJ | India | India |
CRO | Republic of Croatia | Kingdom of Croatia |
GXC | Guangxi Independent Republic | Guangxi Clique |
SHX | Shanxi Republic | Shanxi |
XSM | Hui Republic | Xibei San Ma |
MEN | Republic of Mengjiang | Mengjiang |
KOR | Korea | Joseon Empire |
SER | Serbia | Serbia |
ICE | Iceland | Island |
SYR | Syria | Kingdom of Syria |
LEB | Lebanon | Lebanon |
JOR | Jordan | Kingdom of Jordan |
EGY | Egypt | Kingdom of Egypt |
LBA | Libyan Electorate | Kingdom of Libya |
WGR | West Germany | Bayern-Hannover |
DDR | Constitutional Germany | Kingdom of Prussia |
PAL | Palestine | Free Mandate of Palestine |
ISR | Israel | Free State of Jerusalem |
VIN | Republic of Vietnam | Republic of Vietnam |
CAM | Republic of Cambodia | Republic of Cambodia |
INS | Republic of Indonesia | Indonesia |
MAL | Republic of Malaysia | Republic of Malaysia |
LAO | Republic of Laos | Kingdom of Laos |
MNT | Republic of Montenegro | Montenegro |
UKR | Republic of Ukraine | Ukraine |
GEO | Republic of Georgia | Free State of St. George |
KAZ | Republic of Kazakhstan | Kingdom of Kazakhstan |
AZR | Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | Islamic Republic of Azerbaijan |
ARM | Republic of Armenia | Armenian Independent Territories |
BLR | Republic of Belarus | Belarus |
ANG | Republic of Angola | Angola |
MZB | Republic of Mozambique | Mozambique |
ZIM | Republic of Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe |
COG | Republic of the Congo | Zaire |
KEN | Republic of Kenya | Kenya |
PAK | Republic of Pakistan | Pakistan |
BOT | Republic of Botswana | Botswana |
MAN | Manchu Republic | Manchukuo |
As of the Armageddon 1.0a patch.
- Italic tags were brought from HoI1
- Bold tags are Armageddon's fictional countries
AFG - Afghanistan
ALB - Albania
ALG - Algeria
ALI - Alien Invaders
ALS - The Allies
ANG - Angola
ARA - Arab Federation
ARG - Argentina
ARM - Armenia
AST - Australia
AUS - Austria
AXI - The Axis - (this won't work with events, tested in DD v1.2)
AZB - Azerbaijan
ALB - Albania
ALG - Algeria
ALI - Alien Invaders
ALS - The Allies
ANG - Angola
ARA - Arab Federation
ARG - Argentina
ARM - Armenia
AST - Australia
AUS - Austria
AXI - The Axis - (this won't work with events, tested in DD v1.2)
AZB - Azerbaijan
BEL - Belgium
BEN - Benin-Sahel
BHU - Bhutan
BLR - Byelorussia
BOL - Bolivia
BOS - Bosnia
BRA - Brazil
BRU - Brunei
BUL - Bulgaria
BUR - Burma
BEN - Benin-Sahel
BHU - Bhutan
BLR - Byelorussia
BOL - Bolivia
BOS - Bosnia
BRA - Brazil
BRU - Brunei
BUL - Bulgaria
BUR - Burma
CAL - California
CAM - Cameroon
CAN - Canada
CGX - Guangxi Clique
CHC - Communist China
CHI - Nationalist China
CHL - Chile
CMB - Cambodia
COL - Colombia
CON - Congo
COS - Costa Rica
CRO - Croatia
CSA - Confederate States
CSX - Shanxi
CUB - Cuba
CXB - Xibei San Ma
CYN - Yunnan
CYP - Cyprus
CZE - Czechoslovakia
CAM - Cameroon
CAN - Canada
CGX - Guangxi Clique
CHC - Communist China
CHI - Nationalist China
CHL - Chile
CMB - Cambodia
COL - Colombia
CON - Congo
COS - Costa Rica
CRO - Croatia
CSA - Confederate States
CSX - Shanxi
CUB - Cuba
CXB - Xibei San Ma
CYN - Yunnan
CYP - Cyprus
CZE - Czechoslovakia
DDR - DDR
DEN - Denmark
DFR - FRG
DOM - Dominican Republic
DEN - Denmark
DFR - FRG
DOM - Dominican Republic
EAF - East African Union
ECU - Ecuador
EGY - Egypt
ENG - United Kingdom
EQA - Equatorial Africa
EST - Estonia
ETH - Ethiopia
EUS - Euskadi
ECU - Ecuador
EGY - Egypt
ENG - United Kingdom
EQA - Equatorial Africa
EST - Estonia
ETH - Ethiopia
EUS - Euskadi
FIN - Finland
FLA - Flanders
FRA - France
FLA - Flanders
FRA - France
GAB - Gabon
GEO - Georgia
GER - Germany
GLD - Gold Coast
GRE - Greece
GUA - Guatemala
GUI - Guinea
GUY - Guyana
GEO - Georgia
GER - Germany
GLD - Gold Coast
GRE - Greece
GUA - Guatemala
GUI - Guinea
GUY - Guyana
HAI - Haiti
HOL - Netherlands
HON - Honduras
HUN - Hungary
HOL - Netherlands
HON - Honduras
HUN - Hungary
ICL - Iceland
IDC - Indochina
IND - India
INO - Indonesia
IRE - Ireland
IRQ - Iraq
ISR - Israel
ITA - Italy
IDC - Indochina
IND - India
INO - Indonesia
IRE - Ireland
IRQ - Iraq
ISR - Israel
ITA - Italy
JAP - Japan
JOR - Jordan
JOR - Jordan
KAZ - Kazakhstan
KOR - Korea
KUR - Kurdistan
KYG - Kyrgyzstan
KOR - Korea
KUR - Kurdistan
KYG - Kyrgyzstan
LAO - Laos
LAT - Latvia
LBY - Libya
LEB - Lebanon
LIB - Liberia
LIT - Lithuania
LUX - Luxemburg
LAT - Latvia
LBY - Libya
LEB - Lebanon
LIB - Liberia
LIT - Lithuania
LUX - Luxemburg
MAD - Madagascar
MAL - Union of Mali
MAN - Manchukuo
MEN - Mengkukuo
MEX - Mexico
MIN - (Undefined Nation)
MLY - Malaysia
MON - Mongolia
MOR - Morocco
MOZ - Mozambique
MTN - Montenegro
MAL - Union of Mali
MAN - Manchukuo
MEN - Mengkukuo
MEX - Mexico
MIN - (Undefined Nation)
MLY - Malaysia
MON - Mongolia
MOR - Morocco
MOZ - Mozambique
MTN - Montenegro
NAM - Namibia
NEP - Nepal
NIC - Nicaragua
NIG - Nigeria
NOR - Norway
NZL - New Zealand
NEP - Nepal
NIC - Nicaragua
NIG - Nigeria
NOR - Norway
NZL - New Zealand
OMN - Oman
OTT - Ottoman Empire
OTT - Ottoman Empire
PAK - Pakistan
PAL - Palestine
PAN - Panama
PAR - Paraguay
PER - Persia
PHI - Philippines
POL - Poland
POR - Portugal
PRI - Primorsk
PRK - People's Republic of Korea
PRU - Peru
PAL - Palestine
PAN - Panama
PAR - Paraguay
PER - Persia
PHI - Philippines
POL - Poland
POR - Portugal
PRI - Primorsk
PRK - People's Republic of Korea
PRU - Peru
QUE - Quebec
Nationalist Spain Tag Hoi4
RHO - Rhodesia
ROM - Romania
RSI - Italian Social Republic
RUS - Russia
ROM - Romania
RSI - Italian Social Republic
RUS - Russia
SAF - South Africa
SAL - El Salvador
SAR - Sarawak
SAU - Saudi Arabia
SCA - Scandanavia
SCH - Switzerland
SCO - Scotland
SER - Serbia
SIA - Siam
SIB - Siberia
SIE - Sierra Leone
SIK - Sinkiang
SLO - Slovakia
SLV - Slovenia
SOM - Somalia
SOV - Soviet Union
SPA - Nationalist Spain
SPR - Republican Spain
SUD - Sudan
SWE - Sweden
SYR - Syria
SAL - El Salvador
SAR - Sarawak
SAU - Saudi Arabia
SCA - Scandanavia
SCH - Switzerland
SCO - Scotland
SER - Serbia
SIA - Siam
SIB - Siberia
SIE - Sierra Leone
SIK - Sinkiang
SLO - Slovakia
SLV - Slovenia
SOM - Somalia
SOV - Soviet Union
SPA - Nationalist Spain
SPR - Republican Spain
SUD - Sudan
SWE - Sweden
SYR - Syria
TAJ - Tajikistan
TAN - Tannu Tuva
TEX - Texas
TIB - Tibet
TRA - Transural Republic
TRK - Turkmenistan
TUN - Tunisia
TUR - Turkey
TAN - Tannu Tuva
TEX - Texas
TIB - Tibet
TRA - Transural Republic
TRK - Turkmenistan
TUN - Tunisia
TUR - Turkey
UAP - APR
UAU - Australasia
UBO - Bourbon
UCH - Republic of China
UCS - The Confederates
UER - Empire of Russia
UES - European Soviets
UGS - Sweden
UIC - Indo China
UIR - Indian Republic
UKR - Ukraine
UPE - Republic of Persia
UPR - Prussia
UPS - PRRS
URO - Roma
URU - Uruguay
USA - USA
USN - USNA
UTC - The Cossacks
UTL - The Libertadores
UTO - The Ottomans
UZB - Uzbekistan
UAU - Australasia
UBO - Bourbon
UCH - Republic of China
UCS - The Confederates
UER - Empire of Russia
UES - European Soviets
UGS - Sweden
UIC - Indo China
UIR - Indian Republic
UKR - Ukraine
UPE - Republic of Persia
UPR - Prussia
UPS - PRRS
URO - Roma
URU - Uruguay
USA - USA
USN - USNA
UTC - The Cossacks
UTL - The Libertadores
UTO - The Ottomans
UZB - Uzbekistan
VEN - Venezuela
VIC - Vichy France
VIE - Vietnam
VIC - Vichy France
VIE - Vietnam
WLL - Wallonia
YEM - Yemen
YUG - Yugoslavia
YUG - Yugoslavia
U00, U01, U02, U03, U04, U05, U06, U07, U08, U09, U10, U11, U12, U13, U14, U15, U16, U17, U18, U19
184 Tags in Total
184 Tags in Total
(except Userdefiend, Aliens, Axis and Allies)
AFG,Afghanistan
ALB,Albania
ALG,Algeria
ANG,Angola
ARA,Arab Federation
ARG,Argentina
ARM,Armenia
AST,Australia
AUS,Austria
AZB,Azerbaijan
BEL,Belgium
BEN,Benin-Sahel
BHU,Bhutan
BLR,Byelorussia
BOL,Bolivia
BOS,Bosnia
BRA,Brazil
BRU,Brunei
BUL,Bulgaria
BUR,Burma
CAL,California
CAM,Cameroon
CAN,Canada
CGX,Guangxi Clique
CHC,Communist China
CHI,Nationalist China
CHL,Chile
CMB,Cambodia
COL,Colombia
CON,Congo
COS,Costa Rica
CRO,Croatia
CSA,Confederate States
CSX,Shanxi
CUB,Cuba
CXB,Xibei San Ma
CYN,Yunnan
CYP,Cyprus
CZE,Czechoslovakia
DDR,DDR
DEN,Denmark
DFR,FRG
DOM,Dominican Republic
EAF,East African Union
ECU,Ecuador
EGY,Egypt
ENG,United Kingdom
EQA,Equatorial Africa
EST,Estonia
ETH,Ethiopia
EUS,Euskadi
FIN,Finland
FLA,Flanders
FRA,France
GAB,Gabon
GEO,Georgia
GER,Germany
GLD,Gold Coast
GRE,Greece
GUA,Guatemala
GUI,Guinea
GUY,Guyana
HAI,Haiti
HOL,Netherlands
HON,Honduras
HUN,Hungary
ICL,Iceland
IDC,Indochina
IND,India
INO,Indonesia
IRE,Ireland
IRQ,Iraq
ISR,Israel
ITA,Italy
JAP,Japan
JOR,Jordan
KAZ,Kazakhstan
KOR,Korea
KUR,Kurdistan
KYG,Kyrgyzstan
LAO,Laos
LAT,Latvia
LBY,Libya
LEB,Lebanon
LIB,Liberia
LIT,Lithuania
LUX,Luxemburg
MAD,Madagascar
MAL,Union of Mali
MAN,Manchukuo
MEN,Mengkukuo
MEX,Mexico
MIN,(Undefined Nation)
MLY,Malaysia
MON,Mongolia
MOR,Morocco
MOZ,Mozambique
MTN,Montenegro
NAM,Namibia
NEP,Nepal
NIC,Nicaragua
NIG,Nigeria
NOR,Norway
NZL,New Zealand
OMN,Oman
OTT,Ottoman Empire
PAK,Pakistan
PAL,Palestine
PAN,Panama
PAR,Paraguay
PER,Persia
PHI,Philippines
POL,Poland
POR,Portugal
PRI,Primorsk
PRK,People's Republic of Korea
PRU,Peru
QUE,Quebec
RHO,Rhodesia
ROM,Romania
RSI,Italian Social Republic
RUS,Russia
SAF,South Africa
SAL,El Salvador
SAR,Sarawak
SAU,Saudi Arabia
SCA,Scandanavia
SCH,Switzerland
SCO,Scotland
SER,Serbia
SIA,Siam
SIB,Siberia
SIE,Sierra Leone
SIK,Sinkiang
SLO,Slovakia
SLV,Slovenia
SOM,Somalia
SOV,Soviet Union
SPA,Nationalist Spain
SPR,Republican Spain
SUD,Sudan
SWE,Sweden
SYR,Syria
TAJ,Tajikistan
TAN,Tannu Tuva
TEX,Texas
TIB,Tibet
TRA,Transural Republic
TRK,Turkmenistan
TUN,Tunisia
TUR,Turkey
UAP,APR
UAU,Australasia
UBO,Bourbon
UCH,Republic of China
UCS,The Confederates
UER,Empire of Russia
UES,European Soviets
UGS,Sweden
UIC,Indo China
UIR,Indian Republic
UKR,Ukraine
UPE,Republic of Persia
UPR,Prussia
UPS,PRRS
URO,Roma
URU,Uruguay
USA,USA
USN,USNA
UTC,The Cossacks
UTL,The Libertadores
UTO,The Ottomans
UZB,Uzbekistan
VEN,Venezuela
VIC,Vichy France
VIE,Vietnam
WLL,Wallonia
YEM,Yemen
YUG,Yugoslavia
AFG,Afghanistan
ALB,Albania
ALG,Algeria
ANG,Angola
ARA,Arab Federation
ARG,Argentina
ARM,Armenia
AST,Australia
AUS,Austria
AZB,Azerbaijan
BEL,Belgium
BEN,Benin-Sahel
BHU,Bhutan
BLR,Byelorussia
BOL,Bolivia
BOS,Bosnia
BRA,Brazil
BRU,Brunei
BUL,Bulgaria
BUR,Burma
CAL,California
CAM,Cameroon
CAN,Canada
CGX,Guangxi Clique
CHC,Communist China
CHI,Nationalist China
CHL,Chile
CMB,Cambodia
COL,Colombia
CON,Congo
COS,Costa Rica
CRO,Croatia
CSA,Confederate States
CSX,Shanxi
CUB,Cuba
CXB,Xibei San Ma
CYN,Yunnan
CYP,Cyprus
CZE,Czechoslovakia
DDR,DDR
DEN,Denmark
DFR,FRG
DOM,Dominican Republic
EAF,East African Union
ECU,Ecuador
EGY,Egypt
ENG,United Kingdom
EQA,Equatorial Africa
EST,Estonia
ETH,Ethiopia
EUS,Euskadi
FIN,Finland
FLA,Flanders
FRA,France
GAB,Gabon
GEO,Georgia
GER,Germany
GLD,Gold Coast
GRE,Greece
GUA,Guatemala
GUI,Guinea
GUY,Guyana
HAI,Haiti
HOL,Netherlands
HON,Honduras
HUN,Hungary
ICL,Iceland
IDC,Indochina
IND,India
INO,Indonesia
IRE,Ireland
IRQ,Iraq
ISR,Israel
ITA,Italy
JAP,Japan
JOR,Jordan
KAZ,Kazakhstan
KOR,Korea
KUR,Kurdistan
KYG,Kyrgyzstan
LAO,Laos
LAT,Latvia
LBY,Libya
LEB,Lebanon
LIB,Liberia
LIT,Lithuania
LUX,Luxemburg
MAD,Madagascar
MAL,Union of Mali
MAN,Manchukuo
MEN,Mengkukuo
MEX,Mexico
MIN,(Undefined Nation)
MLY,Malaysia
MON,Mongolia
MOR,Morocco
MOZ,Mozambique
MTN,Montenegro
NAM,Namibia
NEP,Nepal
NIC,Nicaragua
NIG,Nigeria
NOR,Norway
NZL,New Zealand
OMN,Oman
OTT,Ottoman Empire
PAK,Pakistan
PAL,Palestine
PAN,Panama
PAR,Paraguay
PER,Persia
PHI,Philippines
POL,Poland
POR,Portugal
PRI,Primorsk
PRK,People's Republic of Korea
PRU,Peru
QUE,Quebec
RHO,Rhodesia
ROM,Romania
RSI,Italian Social Republic
RUS,Russia
SAF,South Africa
SAL,El Salvador
SAR,Sarawak
SAU,Saudi Arabia
SCA,Scandanavia
SCH,Switzerland
SCO,Scotland
SER,Serbia
SIA,Siam
SIB,Siberia
SIE,Sierra Leone
SIK,Sinkiang
SLO,Slovakia
SLV,Slovenia
SOM,Somalia
SOV,Soviet Union
SPA,Nationalist Spain
SPR,Republican Spain
SUD,Sudan
SWE,Sweden
SYR,Syria
TAJ,Tajikistan
TAN,Tannu Tuva
TEX,Texas
TIB,Tibet
TRA,Transural Republic
TRK,Turkmenistan
TUN,Tunisia
TUR,Turkey
UAP,APR
UAU,Australasia
UBO,Bourbon
UCH,Republic of China
UCS,The Confederates
UER,Empire of Russia
UES,European Soviets
UGS,Sweden
UIC,Indo China
UIR,Indian Republic
UKR,Ukraine
UPE,Republic of Persia
UPR,Prussia
UPS,PRRS
URO,Roma
URU,Uruguay
USA,USA
USN,USNA
UTC,The Cossacks
UTL,The Libertadores
UTO,The Ottomans
UZB,Uzbekistan
VEN,Venezuela
VIC,Vichy France
VIE,Vietnam
WLL,Wallonia
YEM,Yemen
YUG,Yugoslavia
Retrieved from 'https://hoi2.paradoxwikis.com/index.php?title=Tag_List&oldid=1294'
Hearts of Iron IV Cheats For PC
Hearts of Iron IV console commands
Press ', the console window should show upEffect tp Activates teleporting. ale <amount> Adds latest equipment of desired number. ae <amount> <name> Adds specific equipment of desired number. debug_nuking Allows nuking any province without specific conditions. adiplo Allows usage of all diplomatic actions. instantconstruction. Buildings finish in all day. Affects AI players too. event <event id> Executes an event. help Shows list of all commands. civilwar <ideology> <country tag> Starts a civil war in desired country. whitepeace <tag> <tag> White peace between specific countries. Contributed by: TehGuySteam Achievements
Achievement Gain Vojtek as commander (Secret) Bearer of Artillery (36) Have Miklos Horthy as a Naval commander and build a battleship. Better than the Szent Istv As France, complete the 'Little Entente' National Focus, and have all German cores owned by you or someone in your faction. Big Entente (25) Join Axis as Canada . Canada First (16) As Czechoslovakia, occupy Canberra while at war with the Allies. Czechmate (53) Own a slice of all your starting neighbors. Death or Dishonor or Cake (53) Deploy a nuke. Destroyer of Worlds (13) Nuke Los Angeles as fascist Italy. Duce Nuked'em (34) As Sweden, acquire a production license for a Tiger or Tiger II tank from Germany. En Svensk Tiger (41) Have 50 factories as Belgium. Forge of Victory (20) Join a faction. Friend in Need (11) As Yugoslavia, occupy all your neighbouring countries (Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Italy and Greece). Huge-oslavia (51) Have a production license from at least 5 of the 7 major powers. Lethal Straight (35) Fully research a land, air and naval doctrine tree. Master of War (14) Nuke Denmark as Sweden. Med plutonium.. (35) As Hungary, restore Austria-Hungary. Miklos Horthy and the Habsburg Prince (48) Lead a faction with at least 20 members. Mine is bigger than yours (16) As Romania, make it to 1942 with all the states you started it with and control either Moscow or Berlin. Neither Death nor Dishonor (53) Make all nations fascist. New World Order (26) Reach 0 manpower with Scraping the Barrel as Conscription Law. No country for old men (21) As Nationalist Spain in Axis manage to take Paris before the Germans. Nobody expects.. (24) As a Scandinavian country form your own faction, and have Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland in it. Northern Light (31) Occupy Gallipoli as Australia. Once More Mate (31) Unite the entire world under the British Empire. One Empire (32) Control British mainland as Germany. Operation Sea Lion (16) Occupy Stockholm as communist Denmark. Party like it's 1520 (28) Finish all Rocket Technologies as Poland. Poland can into space (22) Occupy a coastal province in Europe as Mexico, and if in a faction have it contain only South American members or puppets. Sunset Invasion (33) As Yugoslavia, start the Second World War (i.e. be part of either the Axis or the Allies and at war with the other faction in a war you started). The Balkan Powder Keg (46) Win Spanish Civil War as Republican Spain. The bell tolls for us (19) As Czechoslovakia, occupy Munich while at war with Germany. The Munich Disagreement (38) Restore the old borders with USA as Mexico. The Revenge of Montezuma (26) Have Germany as a puppet of Soviet. The Revolution Triumphant (21) Reach 1948. Time is on our side (13) Have at least 1000 convoys. Transport Tycoon (12) As Germany have both Poland and France surrender before January 1st 1940. True Blitzkrieg (16) Conquer Belgium and Luxembourg as Netherlands . United Netherlands (19) Reach 1948 as France without capitulating or surrendering. Vive la France (20) Research Construction V. We'll build it in a day (11) Research all rocket, nuclear and jet technologies. Wunderwaffen (13) Contributed by: Eevee-TrainerSteam Achievements - DLC: Together for Victory
Achievement As Canada, complete the Send in the Zombies focus. Braaaaains! (18) As South Africa, finish the A King for our People focus and take Jerusalem. Crusader Kings (29) As South Africa, finish the Anti-Colonialist Crusade focus, release all European colonies via the focus, and take London. Crusader Kings 2 (38) Break free from your overlord as a puppet. Cut The Strings (20) As South Africa, have 9 civilian factories in Transvaal. District 9 (18) As Egypt, go from puppet to a free nation using the autonomy system. Freegypt (25) As South Africa, break free from the UK and puppet another nation. I Am the Tong Master (19) As Canada, take and hold Washington D.C. It's 1812 All Over Again (20) As India, develop and deploy a nuke. You must have the Quit India Movement national spirit. Our Words Are Backed With Nuclear Weapons (27) As any British Subject state, conquer all of Britain. Rule Britannia (30) As Britain, declare war on one of your former subjects. The Empire Strikes Back (23) Have at least 26 subject. The Puppetmaster (21) As Australia, use a nuclear bomb on core Australian territory. The weapons of the Third Emu War (31) Contributed by: Eevee-Trainer